How does X work?

Laser Rangefinders

• https://www.tme.eu/en/news/library-articles/page/21956/laser-rangefinders-how-do-they-work-which-one-should-you-choose/
• https://www.hackster.io/iliasam/making-a-cheap-laser-rangefinder-for-arduino-4dd849
• https://sudonull.com/post/24300-Homemade-Scanning-Laser-Rangefinder

Laser Thermometers (pyrometers)

• https://sciencing.com/laser-thermometers-work-4962575.html

Record Players

• https://electronics.howstuffworks.com/record-player.htm

Digital Calipers

• https://www.wonkeedonkeetools.co.uk/calipers/how-does-a-digital-caliper-work

Ultrasonic Distance Sensors

• https://www.arrow.com/en/research-and-events/articles/ultrasonic-sensors-how-they-work-and-how-to-use-them-with-arduino
• https://www.maxbotix.com/articles/how-ultrasonic-sensors-work.htm
• https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2ojWO1QNprw
• https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1jGvzNrtF24

• Sensors

How to Add Solar to Your Circuit

Adding solar to a project has a few more steps then just hard wiring a solar panel. Solar panels fluctuate with power delivery to a system. To combat this, solar panels often charge a power cell or battery. This battery provides constant power to your project .

• Circuit design
• Solar

IR Emitter/Detector Pairs and Op-Amps

Objectives

Infrared (IR) emitters and detectors come as a pair of devices; one is a light source, and the other is a light sensor. They are tuned to emit and detect the same wavelength of light. They can be useful for sending light-based digital messages, detecting objects, or measuring distances. Because they are in the infrared portion of the light spectrum, they are invisible and less likely to be corrupted by visible light sources. See Scherz & Monk Section 5.7.1 for a complete explanation of how phototransistors work.

Level shifters

Introduction: What is a level shifter?

A level shifter either shifts the voltage of a data line up or down depending on what your circuit entails.

• Circuit design
• Level shifters

MOSFET for use with a 3.3V and 5V Microcontroller

Selecting the MOSFET

When selecting a MOSFET for either 3.3V or 5V applications there are three parameters to consider.

• Circuit design
• Transistors
• Mosfet

Motors

There are many types of motors out there each with their own pros and cons. There are two main types of motors, brushed and brushless, each with many subcategories within them. In this we will only be going over the most common types and their control. These include DC brushed, stepper, and 3-phase brushless.

• Circuit design
• Motors

Power Supplies 101

What are the components of a basic power supply subsystem?

1. Source of power - battery, AC adapter, solar
2. Input electronic noise filtering circuit
3. Voltage regulator to provide a constant supply voltage
4. Output electronic noise filtering circuit

What are the design considerations for a battery-operated circuit?

How many Amp-Hours of capacity are needed?

• Circuit design
• Noise
• Power supplies

Pullup/Pulldown resistors

What are pullup resistors?

Pull-up

• Circuit design
• Resistors
• Pullup
• Pulldown